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The face of Indian charts is totally modernized after switching over to new fonts and styles on acquisition of new model of photo type setting machine (1973). Since the navigational chart is used by International shipping, it is essential that the symbol and abbreviation used on chart are in standard format so that these can be understood the world over. The chart provides a complete coverage of the area to cater for mariners need. The introduction of photo type- setting machine for lettering (1967) and scribe for line work (1969), made dynamic change in appearance of the nautical chart. The earlier charts (pre-1966) were totally hand drawn. The early chart was published in 1959 using the cartographic standardization contained in chart branch order. The Naval Hydrographic Department was established in 1954 and assumed the national responsibility for hydrographic surveys of Indian water and production of the navigational charts. The earliest compilation of nautical charts of the Indian Ocean and Indian coasts was date back to 1703. The Indian Naval Hydrographic Department (INHD) is one of the oldest hydrographic departments in the world deriving its origins from the earliest voyages of the Europeans into the Indian water. Indian nautical cartographer has a good knowledge of astronomy and it is probable that they had prepared route and navigational chart though no ancient maps exist in India. It has also reduced the time involved in the production of a map and nautical charts. The modern technique in cartography includes models, aerial photographs, Photogrammetry Remote sensing data and GIS, which make the subject methodical and rational. The modern stage of cartography starts from 1500 AD with the works of Nicholous, Crab, Martin, Pedru, Renial etc. During the middle age, Arabian and British geographer contributed a lot of work in the field of cartography and Portolon maps were prepared with the help of compass.

#MAPUBLISHER GRATICULE ADD N MANUAL#

Periplus Maric Erythroci is the manual of Erythracean Sea prepared by an unknown Roman merchant is a significant contribution of cartography. The first map were made by people of Marshal Island (pacific) and were used a “ Portland charts” Greeks were pioneer in modern cartography, Anaximander (611 BC – 547 BC) draw first map of Greece with geographical information.

In the primitive stage, cartography meant lines and sketches on the rock, leaves, and animal skins with the help of fibers of coconut tree and seashells.

Cartographic revolutionĬartography evolved through three stages, the pre historic stage (from evolution of man to 4th century BC), the medieval stage (4th to 5th century) and the modern stage. The specific characteristic of modern cartography is to integrate various thematic data with aid of GIS, and remote sensing into required format for decision makers and planners during production of nautical charts. As automated cartographic technique, it is highly useful to capture, store, retrieve and presentation of hydrographic and topographic data into both raster and vector modeįor compilation of nautical charts at different scale using various software. Modern cartography is capable of generating data in static and dynamic modes for different environment also. The 1980’s saw an accelerating pace of technological change as the computer found its way into all aspects of cartographic production. GIS, GPS, Geosciences, Oceanographic studies and thematic mapping through remote sensing has taken their berth in place of traditional mapping. Computer aided cartography since the nautical cartographers realized computer as their tool, has matured to an interdisciplinary field of research by now.Ĭartography is undergoing a period of rapid change as a result of the process and product of information revolution. With the advent of modern cartography, chart contents are stored in digital form as database offering flexibility of producing nautical charts at any chosen scale and projection without going through the process of redrawing. With the time not only the user’s requirements have increased, but also the advancement in the expertise in the field of nautical cartography has resulted in better product in the most useful way. It is the chief nautical instrument for ocean route planning and safe navigation. The paper highlights the role of modern cartography as emerging tool for integration of multimedia data at various scales during compilation of nautical charts and its productionĪ nautical chart is a medium of information and tool for safe maritime navigation.

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